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  <div class="section" id="views">
<h1>Views<a class="headerlink" href="#views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>A view is simply a web page, or a page fragment, like a header, footer,
sidebar, etc. In fact, views can flexibly be embedded within other views
(within other views, etc., etc.) if you need this type of hierarchy.</p>
<p>Views are never called directly, they must be loaded by a
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><em>controller</em></a>. Remember that in an MVC framework, the
Controller acts as the traffic cop, so it is responsible for fetching a
particular view. If you have not read the
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><em>Controllers</em></a> page you should do so before
continuing.</p>
<p>Using the example controller you created in the
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><em>controller</em></a> page, let&#8217;s add a view to it.</p>
<div class="section" id="creating-a-view">
<h2>Creating a View<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Using your text editor, create a file called blogview.php, and put this
in it:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">My</span> <span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Welcome</span> <span class="nx">to</span> <span class="nx">my</span> <span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">!&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then save the file in your <em>application/views/</em> directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-a-view">
<h2>Loading a View<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>To load a particular view file you will use the following method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where name is the name of your view file.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The .php file extension does not need to be specified
unless you use something other than .php.</p>
</div>
<p>Now, open the controller file you made earlier called Blog.php, and
replace the echo statement with the view loading method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you visit your site using the URL you did earlier you should see your
new view. The URL was similar to this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-multiple-views">
<h2>Loading multiple views<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-multiple-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter will intelligently handle multiple calls to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;view()</span></tt> from within a controller. If more than one call
happens they will be appended together. For example, you may wish to
have a header view, a menu view, a content view, and a footer view. That
might look something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Page</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;page_title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your title&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;header&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;menu&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>

<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the example above, we are using &#8220;dynamically added data&#8221;, which you
will see below.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storing-views-within-sub-directories">
<h2>Storing Views within Sub-directories<a class="headerlink" href="#storing-views-within-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Your view files can also be stored within sub-directories if you prefer
that type of organization. When doing so you will need to include the
directory name loading the view. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;directory_name/file_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-dynamic-data-to-the-view">
<h2>Adding Dynamic Data to the View<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-dynamic-data-to-the-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Data is passed from the controller to the view by way of an <strong>array</strong> or
an <strong>object</strong> in the second parameter of the view loading method. Here
is an example using an array:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Heading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;message&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Message&#39;</span>
<span class="p">);</span>

<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And here&#8217;s an example using an object:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Someclass</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you use an object, the class variables will be turned
into array elements.</p>
</div>
<p>Let&#8217;s try it with your controller file. Open it add this code:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Title&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Heading&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>

                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now open your view file and change the text to variables that correspond
to the array keys in your data:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$heading</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then load the page at the URL you&#8217;ve been using and you should see the
variables replaced.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-loops">
<h2>Creating Loops<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-loops" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The data array you pass to your view files is not limited to simple
variables. You can pass multi dimensional arrays, which can be looped to
generate multiple rows. For example, if you pull data from your database
it will typically be in the form of a multi-dimensional array.</p>
<p>Here&#8217;s a simple example. Add this to your controller:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;todo_list&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Clean House&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Call Mom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Run Errands&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>

                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Title&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Heading&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>

                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now open your view file and create a loop:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$heading</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>My Todo List<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$todo_list</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>

                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You&#8217;ll notice that in the example above we are using PHP&#8217;s
alternative syntax. If you are not familiar with it you can read about
it <a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html"><em>here</em></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="returning-views-as-data">
<h2>Returning views as data<a class="headerlink" href="#returning-views-as-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>There is a third <strong>optional</strong> parameter lets you change the behavior of
the method so that it returns data as a string rather than sending it
to your browser. This can be useful if you want to process the data in
some way. If you set the parameter to TRUE (boolean) it will return
data. The default behavior is false, which sends it to your browser.
Remember to assign it to a variable if you want the data returned:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myfile&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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